St. Peter’s Square (Piazza San Pietro) in Vatican City, just outside the famous St. Peter’s Basilica, is one of the most iconic landmarks in Rome and a must-visit for any tourist. Here’s a comprehensive guide:
Historical Background
- Commissioned by Pope Alexander VII: The square was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini between 1656 and 1667.
- Purpose: It was created to provide a grand entrance to St. Peter’s Basilica and a gathering place for pilgrims, symbolizing the welcoming arms of the Church.
Architectural Highlights
- Colonnades
- Design: The square is surrounded by two semi-circular colonnades comprising 284 Doric columns arranged in four rows.
- Symbolism: These colonnades represent the “embracing arms” of the Church, welcoming visitors and pilgrims.
- Obelisk
- Origin: The central obelisk dates back to ancient Egypt, brought to Rome by Emperor Caligula in 37 AD.
- Height: It stands 25.5 meters tall (41 meters with its base) and is topped by a cross.
- History: It was relocated to the square in 1586 by Pope Sixtus V and symbolizes the enduring triumph of Christianity.
- Fountains
- Fountain by Carlo Maderno: Installed in 1613, located on the right when facing the basilica.
- Fountain by Bernini: Added in 1675, mirroring Maderno’s design on the left.
- The symmetry of the fountains enhances the harmony of the square.
- St. Peter’s Basilica
- Backdrop to the Square: The basilica, one of the holiest Catholic shrines, forms the focal point of the square.
- Dome by Michelangelo: A masterpiece visible from miles away.
Activities and Attractions
- Attend a Papal Audience or Blessing
- Papal Audience: Held on Wednesdays (check schedule), where the Pope addresses visitors.
- Angelus Blessing: Delivered by the Pope from his window on Sundays at noon.
- Tickets: Free but require reservation for Papal Audience. Angelus Blessing does not require tickets.
- Explore the Square
- Stand at the designated spot near the obelisk to experience the visual trick where the four rows of columns align perfectly.
- Visit St. Peter’s Basilica
- Must-See: Michelangelo’s Pietà, Bernini’s Baldachin, and the awe-inspiring interior.
- Dome Climb: Climb to the top for breathtaking views of Rome and Vatican City.
- Admire the Swiss Guards
- The colorful uniforms of the Swiss Guards, stationed at Vatican entrances, are a favorite photo subject.
Practical Information
- Admission: Entry to the square is free.
- Opening Hours: Open 24/7, but the basilica has specific hours.
- Security Checks: Bags and personal belongings are checked upon entering St. Peter’s Basilica or during events.
- Dress Code: Modest attire is required for entry into the basilica (shoulders and knees covered).
Tips for Tourists
- Best Time to Visit:
- Early morning or late afternoon to avoid crowds.
- Arrive early for Papal events to secure a good spot.
- Photography: Sunrise and sunset provide stunning lighting for photos.
- Avoid Peak Times: During major religious holidays, the square can be extremely crowded.
- Public Transport: Take Metro Line A to Ottaviano or buses stopping near Vatican City.
Nearby Attractions
- Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel: A short walk away, featuring Michelangelo’s iconic ceiling fresco.
- Castel Sant’Angelo: Located along the Tiber River, a 10-minute walk from the square.
- Borgo Pio: A charming neighborhood nearby with quaint shops and restaurants.
Fun Facts
- The square can hold over 300,000 people, making it one of the largest gathering spaces in the world.
- Bernini’s original plan included a third colonnade to close off the square, but it was never built.
- The obelisk acts as a giant sundial, with the pavement marked to track the hours.
Cultural Significance
- St. Peter’s Square is a symbol of unity and spirituality for Catholics worldwide.
- It has been the site of historic moments, including Papal coronations, canonizations, and global peace rallies.
Whether you are religious or simply interested in history and art, St. Peter’s Square is a majestic and unforgettable part of your visit to Rome.